ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Measuring the impact of economic complexity on vulnerability and resilience index
In recent years, the reduction of economic vulnerability has become one of the goals of many policymakers, and the identification of effective factors influencing on reducing vulnerability is of great importance. This issue is more important for the Iranian economy, which needs to be more resilient. The question of the present article is that according to the world literature on the index of complexity, does the improvement of the complexity of the economy have an effect on the vulnerability index? After stating the theoretical framework, the article tests the data of 118 countries using the panel data model in the period 1997-2013. The results of the research show that: economic complexity and good governance both have a negative and significant impact on economic vulnerability. The article suggests that to reduce the vulnerability of the economy, the country's policymakers should focus on improving the quality of governance, the complexity of the economy (diversified and knowledge based export) and reducing the share of oil exports.
https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_1647_1f55972d6c05a0045928608a39a877d6.pdf
2019-09-23
9
33
10.30471/iee.2020.5502.1777
Economic vulnerability
economic complexity
governance
exports
economic resiliance
Seyed Ehsan
Khandoozi
smkhandoozi@gmail.com
1
Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics, Allameh Tabataba'i University
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Mir&#;nezami
ebi.nezami73@gmail.com
2
M.A in Economics, Faculty of Economics, Allameh Tabataba'i University
AUTHOR
1. چشمی، علی و سعید ملکالساداتی (1392)، «شاخص پیچیدگی اقتصادی و ارتباط آن با ساختار نهادی تولید مقایسه تطبیقی ایران، کره جنوبی و ترکیه»، اولین همایش توسعه پایدار با رویکرد بهبود محیط کسبوکار، مشهد: اتاق بازرگانی، صنایع، معادن و کشاورزی خراسان رضوی.
1
2. عزیزی، زهرا و مرتضی خرسندی (1395)، «بررسی اثر حکمرانی خوب بر آسیبپذیری اقتصادی (رهیافت بین کشوری)»، فصلنامه سیاستگذاری پیشرفت اقتصادی دانشگاه الزهراB، (4) 3، ص129−150.
2
3. محمدزاده، پرویز و همکاران (1389)، کاربرد نرمافزار stata در اقتصادسنجی، چاپ اول، تهران: نور علم.
3
4. وثوقی، عفیفه (1395)، «تأثیر آسیبپذیری و تابآوری اقتصادی بر نوسانات تولید ناخالص داخلی سرانه، مطالعه بین کشوری»، فصلنامه پژوهشنامه اقتصادی، (17) 66، ص102−227.
4
5. Agosin, M. R. (2007), Export diversification and growth in emerging economies, Santiago, Chile, University of Chile.
5
6. Alwang, J., Siegel, P. B., & Jorgensen, S. L. (2001), “Vulnerability: A view from different disciplines”, Social protection discussion paper series, Vol. 115, p. 60.
6
7. Atkins, J & S Mazzi, C Ramlogan (1998) A study of the vulnerability of developing and island states: a composite index. London: Commonwealth Secretaria.
7
8. J & Jonathan P. Atkins, Sonia Mazzi, Christopher D. Easter (2000) A Commonwealth Vulnerability Index for Developing Countries. London: Commonwealth Secretaria.
8
9. Baritto, F. (2008), “Disasters, vulnerability and resilience from a macro-economic perspective”, Background paper for the 2009 ISDR global assessment report on disaster risk reduction, Retrieved from.
9
10. Briguglio, L. (1995), “Small island developing states and their economic vulnerabilities”, World development, 23(9), pp.1615-1632.
10
11. Briguglio, L. (1997), “Alternative economic vulnerability indices for developing countries”, Report prepared for the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
11
12. Briguglio, L. (2014), A vulnerability and resilience framework for small states, Bynoe-Lewis, D. Building the Resilience of Small States: A Revised Framework, London Commonwealth Secretariat.
12
13. Briguglio, L. and Vella, M. (2016), “Trade openness and volatility”, Handbook of small states: Economic, Social and Environmental Issues, 42-52.
13
14. Briguglio, L., & Galea, W. (2003), “Updating and augmenting the economic vulnerability index”, Occasional paper, University of Malta.
14
15. Briguglio, L., Cordina, G., Farrugia, N., & Vella, S. (2009), “Economic vulnerability and resilience: concepts and measurements”, Oxford development studies, 37(3), 229-247.
15
16. Guillaumont, P. (2009), “An economic vulnerability index: its design and use for international development policy”, Oxford Development Studies, 37(3), 193-228.
16
17. Guillaumont, P. (2010), “Assessing the economic vulnerability of small island developing states and the least developed countries”, The Journal of Development Studies, 46(5), 828-854.
17
18. Haddad, M., Lim, J. J., Pancaro, C., & Saborowski, C. (2013), “Trade openness reduces growth volatility when countries are well diversified”, Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, 46(2), 765-790.
18
19. Hausmann, R., Hidalgo, C. A., Bustos, S., Coscia, M., Simoes, A., & Yildirim, M. A. (2014), The atlas of economic complexity: Mapping paths to prosperity. Mit Press.
19
20. Hidalgo, C. A., & Hausmann, R. (2009), “The building blocks of economic complexity”, Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 106(26), 10570-10575.
20
21. Kaminsky, G. L., Lizondo, S. and Reinhart, C. M. (1998), “Leading Indicators of Currency Crises”, Staff Papers, 45(1), Washington, DC, IMF.
21
22. Krishna, P., & Levchenko, A. A. (2013), “Comparative advantage, complexity, and volatility”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 94, 314-329.
22
23. Lee, S & Posenau, K & Stebunovs, (2017), The Anatomy of Financial Vulnerabilities and Crises, Federal Reserve Board. At: www. federalreserve. gov/pubs/ifdp/
23
24. Ocampo, J. A. (2008), Macroeconomic vulnerability and reform: Managing pro-cyclical capital flows, Columbia University Initiative for Policy Dialogue http://www. bot. or. th/English/EconomicConditions/Semina/Documents/08_Paper_Ocampo. pdf.
24
25. Seth, A., & Ragab, A. (2012), “Macroeconomic vulnerability in developing countries: Approaches and issues”, (No. 94), Working Paper, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth.
25
26. Sosso, F., & Goujon, M. (2016), The retrospective economic vulnerability index, 2015 update (No. P147), FERDI.
26
27. United Nations (1994), Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, Bridgetown, Barbados, Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Sustainability of budget based on intergenerational justice in exploiting oil resources; an approach for Iran
This article examines budget sustainability in Iran. First, by studying the theoretical literature, the relationship between intergenerational justices in the utilization of natural resources with budgetary sustainability is examined, and then Iran's budgetary sustainability and the observance of intergenerational justice using budget information in two stages is measured and predicted in 1381-1395 and 1396-1455, respectively. During the period under review, the government was never able to balance its expenditures without relying on oil revenues. In the second period and with the continuation of current policies, the government budget will not be sustainable. Intergenerational equality has not been observed in the past, and if current policies continue in the future, this equality will not exist; but at the same time, the social and financial goals of governments can be achieved, and that is to use fiscal policy based on the Hartwick rule. In this case, fiscal sustainability indicators will also improve with the establishment of intergenerational justice. In a simple sense, at the end of the period of depletion of oil reserves, the government can balance its budget without relying on oil revenues. And by saving a significant portion of oil revenues, it will increase its foreign exchange reserves, and the intergenerational rights to use oil revenues will be observed.
https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_1656_8eb31b88b440ee96c5f032a417e08b27.pdf
2019-09-23
35
59
10.30471/iee.2020.5439.1766
Oil Revenues
Budget Sustainability
intergenerational Justice
Budget
Non-resource primary balance
Mohammad Taghi
Fayyazi
fayyazi2002@yahoo.com
1
Faculty memebr, Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali Asghar
Ajdari
email:a.a.ajdari@gmail.com
2
PhD student in Economics, University of Tehran, Faculty memebr, Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran
AUTHOR
Mojtaba
Bagheri Tudashki
bagherisudden@gmail.com
3
Assictant professor, Mofid University
AUTHOR
افشاری، زهرا؛ شمساله شیرینبخش و مریم بهشتی (1390)، «بررسی پایداری مالی در ایران»، فصلنامه پژوهشنامه اقتصادی، سال دوازدهم، ش45، ص27−54.
1
باباجانی، جعفر؛ محمدتقی تقویفرد و احمد پیفه (1394)، «ارزیابی روند تحقق حقوق بیننسلی حاکم بر مصرف عواید حاصل از فروش نفت و مشتقات آن از دیدگاه اقتصادی»، دانش حسابداری، سال چهاردهم، ش58، ص 5-25.
2
پادام، سیدسجاد و سیدجواد نوراحمدی (1395)، «بررسی مقاومسازی بخش نفت و گاز سیستم انرژی ایران از منظر استمرار تولید»، پژوهشنامه اقتصاد انرژی ایران، سال پنجم، ش 20، ص78−91.
3
پورعزت، علیاصغر؛ حیدر احمدی؛ افسانه عباسی و طیبه عباسی (1398)، «شناسایی مؤلفههای ناظر بر رعایت عدالت بیننسلی در خطمشی بودجهای ایران»، فصلنامه علمی−پژوهشی سیاستگذاری عمومی در ایران، دوره 5، ش2، ص143−161.
4
توحیدینیا، ابوالقاسم (1394)، «همسویی تحقق عدالت بیننسلی در بهرهبرداری از درآمد منابع هیدروکربوری با رفاه اقتصادی بلندمدت در ایران»، پژوهشها و سیاستهای اقتصادی، زمستان 1394، دوره 23، ش76، ص33−54.
5
دادگر، یداله و محمدرضا آرمانمهر (1388)، «بررسی و نقد مبانی معیار عدالت اقتصادی رالز»، پژوهشنامه علوم اقتصادی، سال نهم، شماره پیاپی 35، ص38−60.
6
زارعی، ژاله (۱۳۹۷)، ارزیابی اثرات متقابل پایداری بودجهای و ثبات مالی در اقتصاد ایران، پژوهشکده پولی و بانکی بانک مرکزی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، تهران.
7
فتاحی، شهرام؛ علی حیدری دیزگرانی و الناز عسکری (1393)، «بررسی پایداری بدهی دولت در اقتصاد ایران»، فصلنامه سیاستهای مالی و اقتصادی، سال دوم، ش6، ص8−67.
8
فراهانی فرد، سعید (1386)، «عدالت بیننسلی در بهرهبرداری از منابع طبیعی»، فصلنامه پژوهشهای اقتصادی ایران، سال سیزدهم، ش۴۱، ص۱۲۳−۱۳۷.
9
فیاضی، محمدتقی (1397)، استفاده بهینه از عواید نفتی در بودجه دولت در چارچوب قواعد بودجهای بیندورهای (مطالعه موردی: ایران(، پایاننامه، دانشگاه مفید.
10
فیاضی، محمدتقی؛ علی سوریو مجتبی باقری تودشکی(1396)، «استفادهبهینه از عواید نفتی در بودجه دولت ایران با استفاده از نظریه درآمد دائمی»، فصلنامه پژوهشها و سیاستهای اقتصادی، ش84، سال بیست و پنجم، ص616−699.
11
قدوسی، حامد (1388)؛ «جرمی بنتام و رالز؛ عدالت و بهینگی در استخراج منابع پایانپذیر»، روزنامه دنیای اقتصاد، ش2042.
12
مرتضوی کاخکی، مرتضی؛ علیاکبر ناجی میدانی؛ محمدحسین مهدوی عادلی و محمدحسین حسینزاده (1396)، «نقد و بررسی نظریات عدالت بیننسلی لیبرال»، دوفصلنامه علمی پژوهشی مطالعات اقتصاد اسلامی، سال نهم، ش2 (پیاپی 18)، ص31−58.
13
Arrow Team (2011), “Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustible Resources”, By Robert Solow, The Review of Economics Studies, Vol. 41, pp.29-45.
14
Barnett، , Steven and Rolando Ossowsk (2002)، ), "“Operational Aspects of Fiscal Policy in Oil Producing Countries"، ”, IMF Working Paper.
15
Caceres، , Carlos; Cevik Serhan، Serhan, Ricardo Fenochietto and Borja Gracia، (2013)، ), "“The Day After Tomorrow: Designing an Optimal Fiscal Strategy for Libya". ”. No. 13-79. , International Monetary Fund.
16
Edward A. Page (2007),"“Intergenerational Justice of What: Welfare, Resources or Capabilities?" ?”, University of Warwick, UK Environmental Politics, Vol. 16, No. 3, 453 – 469.
17
Harding،, Torfinn and Frederick van der Ploeg،, (2013) ), “Official forecasts and management of oil windfalls”, International Tax and Public Finance، , Vol.ume 20، , Issue 5، , pp. 827–866.
18
Hartwick،, J.M.،, (1977)،, "“Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources"، ”, The American Economic Review،, 67، , pp. -972-974.
19
Hotelling،, Harold (1931) ), “The Economics of Exhaustible Resources،”, Journal of Political Economy, 39(2)،, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press،, pp. 137-175.
20
Itam،, Samuel; Helmut Loukoianova Franken،, Ulrich Elena Klueh،, and Naly Carvalho،, (2006)،,"“Republic of Equatorial Guinea: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix"”،, International Monetary Fund،, Washington،, DC،.
21
Llavador،, Humberto،, John E Roemer،, and Joaquim Silvestre،, (2012)،, “Should we sustain? And if so،, sustain what? Consumption or the quality of life? ”،, in: Handbook on Energy and Climate Change،, chapter 30،, pp.ages 639-665, Edward Elgar Publishing.
22
Mitra،, S. and S. Roger،, (2003)،,"“Assessing Long-Term Fiscal Sustainability: The Case of Brunei—Selected Issues"”،, International Monetary Fund،, Washington،, DC.
23
Rawls،, John (1971) ), “A Theory of Justice”،, Cambridge،, MA: Harvard University Press.
24
Rawls،, John،, (1999)،, “A Theory of Justice”،, Revised Edition،, President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America.
25
Schick،, Allen،, (2005)،, "“Sustainable Budget Policy"”،, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 5.1،, pp.107-126.
26
Solow،, Robert M. (1974), “Intergenerational equity and exhaustible resources،”, Review of Economic Studies, 41،, Symposium on the Economics of Exhaustible Resources،, pp. 29-45.
27
Summers, J. K. and L. M. Smith (2014), “The role of social and inter-generational equity in making changes in human well-being sustainable”, AMBIO A Journal of the Human Environment, 43, pp:718–728
28
Valdés،, Mr Rodrigo O.،, and Eduardo Engel،, (2000), "“Optimal fiscal strategy for oil exporting countries"”،, No. 0-118. , International Monetary Fund.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparative study of credit risk in Islamic banking and conventional banking; with emphasis on the impact of bank specific factors
Credit risk is one of the most important risks that the banking system including Islamic banks and conventional banks faces. The main source of this risk can be searched through certain banking factors and macroeconomic environment. Due to the important role of bank specific factors on the non-preforming loan of banks, in this study, the effect of management quality, capital adequacy, size and liquidity on credit risk using GMM panel data method in 2011-2016 is investigated in two groups of Islamic and conventional bank. In addition to specific factors, in order to control the role of the macroeconomic factors, the impact of GDP growth rate, exchange rate and inflation rates are considered as the control variable. The results show that there is significant negative correlation between credit risk and size, management quality and capital adequacy, but there is no significant correlation between liquidity ratio and credit risk in Islamic banks. On the other hand, in conventional banks, there is significant negative relation between liquidity, management quality and capital adequacy with credit risk. The results also indicate an insignificant relationship between bank size and credit risk.
https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_1649_3b849c787ee92dc190ab26ce0a62919f.pdf
2019-09-23
61
87
10.30471/iee.2019.5527.1778
Islamic banking
Conventional banking
credit risk
Capital adequacy
Quality of management
Jalal
Naderi
jalalnaderi@ut.ac.ir
1
PhD student in Financial Management, University of Tehran
AUTHOR
Seyyed Abbas
Mousavian
samosavian@yahoo.com
2
Ph.D. Professor, Islamic Research Institute for Culture and Thought
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Nadiri
m.nadiri@ut.ac.ir
3
Assistant Professor, College of Farabi / Faculty of Management and Accounting, University of Tehran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Zarei
zareifatemeh@ut.ac.ir
4
PhD student in Financial Management, University of Tehran
AUTHOR
بائی، محیا؛ محمدعلی دهقان دهنوی و اویس محرم اوغلی (1397)، «عوامل تعیینکنندۀ ریسکپذیری بانکها در ایران با تأکید بر ساختار مالکیت»، تحقیقات مالی، دوره 19، ش1، ص80−61.
1
شعبانی، احمد و علی عادلرستخیز (1391)، «تحلیل تطبیقی ریسک در بانکداری متعارف و بانکداری بدون ربا در قالب عقود اسلامی»، تحقیقات مالی اسلامی، دوره 2. ش1، شماره پیاپی 3، ص7−38.
2
صادقی شاهدانی، مهدی و محمدابراهیم آقابابایی (1390)، «تحلیل مقایسهای ریسک اعتباری در بانکداری اسلامی و بانکداری متداول»، دوفصلنامه تحقیقات مالی اسلامی، سال اول، ش1، ص89−106.
3
کمیجانی، اکبر و سامان فلاحی (1395)، «شناسایی عوامل درونی تأثیرگذار بر ریسک اعتباری بانکها»، تحقیقات اقتصادی، دوره 51، ش3، ص652−635.
4
متین، پدرام (1392)، «بررسی مدیریت ریسک در بانکداری اسلامی و بانکداری متعارف»، نخستین کنفرانس ملی توسعه مدیریت پولی و بانکی، ص1−15.
5
موسویان، سیدعباس و مجتبی کاوند (1389)، «مدیریت نقدینگی در بانکداری اسلامی»، معرفت اقتصادی، سال دوم، ش1، پیاپی سوم، ص35−63.
6
نوروزی، پیام. (1393)، «تأثیر متغیرهای کلان اقتصادی بر ریسک اعتباری بانکها در ایرانم، فصلنامه پژوهشهای پولی−بانکی، سال هفتم. ش20، ص237−257.
7
Abedifar, P; Molyneux, P; Tarazi, A. (2013), “Risk in Islamic banking”, European Financial Review, Vol. 17, Issue 6, pp.2035–2096.
8
Abid, Lobna; Ouertani Med Nejib; Zouari-Ghorbel Sonia. (2014), “Macroeconomic and Bank-Specific Determinants of Household’s Non-Performing Loans in Tunisia: a Dynamic Panel Data”, Procedia Economics and Finance; vol 13, pp 58-68.
9
Aemiro, Tehulu Tilahun; Rafisa, Olana Dugasa, (2014), “Bank- Specific Determinants of Credit Risk: Empirical Evidence from Ethiopian Banks”, Finance and Accounting, Vol. 5, No. 7, pp.80-85.
10
Ahmed, Khan, T. (2007), “risk management in Islamic banking”, Handbook of Islamic Banking, pp.144-158.
11
Al-Wesabi, Hamid A.H; NorHayati, Ahmad. (2013), “Credit risk of Islamic banks in GCC countries”, International Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp.95-113.
12
Amit, Ghosh. (2017), “Sector-specific analysis of non-performing loans in the US banking system and their macroeconomic impact”, Journal of Economics and Business, 93. (C), pp. 29-45.
13
Baele, L. Farooq, M. Ongena, S. (2014), “Of religion and redemption: evidence from default on Islamic loans”, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 44, pp.141–159.
14
Baltagi, B. H, (2008), Econometric Analysis of panel data, Chichester: John Wiely&Sons Ltd. Pp. 1-388.
15
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision: Principles for Management of Credit Risk. (2001). Risk Management Group of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C. pp. 1-30.
16
Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, Merrouche, A. O. (2013), “Islamic vs. conventional banking: business model, efficiency and stability”, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 37, pp.433–447.
17
Berger, A.N., DeYoung, R., (1997). “Problem loans and cost efficiency in commercial banks”. Journal of Banking and Finance 21, PP. 849–870.
18
Bilal, Hazrat; Ahmad, Khursheed; Ahmad, Habib; Akbar, Sajid. (2011). Returns to Scale of Islamic Banks Versus Small Commercial Banks in Pakistan. European Journal of Economics, Finance & Administrative Sciences; Mar2011, Issue 30, pp136-151.
19
BoruLelissa Tesfaye, (2014), “Factors Influencing the Level of Credit Risk in the Ethiopian CommercialBanks: The Credit Risk Matrix Conceptual Framework”, European Journal of Business and Management, Vol.6, No.23, pp.139-145.
20
Boudriga, Abdelkader; Jellouli, Sana; Taktak, Neila Boulila; (2009) “Banking Supervision and Nonperforming Loans: A Cross-Country Analysis”, Journal of Financial Economic Policy, Vol. 1, Issue: 4, pp.286-318.
21
Boumediene, A. & Caby, J. (2009), “The stability of Islamic Banks during the Subprime Crisis”, Retrived from: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1524775.
22
Chamberlain Trevor W, HidayatSutan, Khokhar A. Rahman. (2018), “Credit Risk in Islamic and Conventional Banking”, International Atlantic Economic Society, 2. vol. 24(1). pp 99-100.
23
Champa Ramkrishna Parab, M. R. Patil. (2018), “Sensitivity of Credit Risk to Bank Specific and Macro Economic Determinants: Empirical Evidence from Indian Banking Industry”, International Journal of Management Studies, Vol.–V. Issue –2(3). pp. 46,55.
24
Chapra, Umer & Khan, Tariqullah. (2000), “Regulation and Supervision of Islamic Banks”, Islamic Research and Training Institute, Saudi Arabia, pp.1-109.
25
Chol, Atem; Nyaliet, Martha. (2017), “Factors Affecting Non-Performing Loans: A Case Study Of Kcb Bank Kenya Limited Nairobi Region”,A Research Project Submitted In Partial Fulfilment Of The Requirement Of The Master Degree In Business Administration, Graduate Business School, Faculty Of Commerce, The Catholic Univesity Of Eastern Africa, Retrieved from http://ir.cuea.edu/jspui/bitstream/1/751/1/Martha%20%20project.
26
Chong, B.S. Liu, M.H. (2009), “Islamic banking: interest-free or interest-based? ”, Pacific Basin Finance Journal, Vol. 17, pp.125–144.
27
Cihak, M. & Hesse, H. (2008), “Islamic Banks and Financial Stability: An Empirical Analysis”, IMF Working Paper, Washington: International Monetary Fund, No. 08/16.
28
Coyle, B. (2000), Framework for Credit Risk Management; Chartered Institute of Bankers, Business & Economics, United Kingdom.
29
Early J.S., (2006), “Problems in the Measurement of the Quality of Credit”, Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section of the American Association,PP. 202-217.
30
Effendi, K. A. & Yuniarti, R. D. (2018), “Credit risk and macroeconomics of Islamic banking in Indonesia”, Journal of Accounting, Finance and Auditing Studies, 4(2). pp 1-13.
31
Elgari, Mohamed Ali. (2003), “Credit Risk in Islamic Banking and Finance”, Islamic Economic Studies, vol.10. No.2, pp.1–28.
32
Errico, M. L. & Farahbaksh, M. M. (1998), “Islamic banking: issues in prudential regulations and supervision”, International Monetary Fund, Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/wp9830.
33
Garr David Kwashie. (2013), “Determinants of Credit Risk in the Banking Industry of Ghana”,Developing Country Studies, Vol.3. No.11, pp. 64-77
34
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35
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38
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39
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40
Khemraj, T. and Pasha, S, (2009), “The determinants of non-performing loans: an econometric case study of Guyana”, Presented at the Caribbean Centre for Banking and Finance Bi-annual Conference on Banking and Finance, St. Augustine, Trinidad. PP. 1-26
41
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64
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigating the relationship between resistive economy and Islamic economics
Although resistance economics has been introduced mainly as a model of the Islamic economic system, but a clear picture of the relationship between resistance economics and Islamic economics has not been provided. In this article, using analytical methods, the relationship between resistance economics and Islamic economics is explained. According to the hypothesis of the article, resistance economics is one of the major theories of Islamic economics that looks at the analysis of vulnerability and resilience of the economic system with an Islamic approach. The findings of the article show that the definition and explanation of resistance economics as one of the major economic theories of Islam helps to better understanding of the position of resistance economics in the literature of Islamic economics. In this framework, the theory of resistance economics analyzes the causes of economic vulnerability from the Islamic point of view and Islamic strategies to eliminate these harms and strengthen the economic system with an Islamic approach. Of course, the theory of resistance economics can be applied to the temporal and spatial conditions of the Islamic Republic of Iran or other countries and its theoretical dimensions can be expanded. The various theoretical dimensions of the theory of resistance economics are related to other macro theories of Islamic economics in areas such as development and justice. In this regard, the literature of the Iranian Islamic model of development can be improved according to the discussions of the model of economic resilience with an Islamic approach.
https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_1648_976e284254beb955f499ba412efaec84.pdf
2019-09-23
89
119
10.30471/iee.2020.4134.1599
Islamic Economics
Resistive Economy
Iran's economy
Resilience Economics
Islamic-Iranian Model of Development
Mohammad Javad
Tavakoli
mj_tavakoli2@yahoo.com
1
Associate professor, Faculty of economics, Imam Khomeini's Educational and Research Institute
LEAD_AUTHOR
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1
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59
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Integrated nature of decision making: a cognitive and behavioral analysis: "optimization" and "institutional decision making"
In conventional microeconomics, modeling economic decision makings is based on constrained optimization; but in the real world, decisions are hybrid and more "institutional" than based on "optimization" and they are based on a set of pre-defined (institutionalized) "habits", "rules" and "frameworks". This article has tried to provide a microeconomic analysis of the combined nature of decisions with analytical and descriptive methods and grounded on a neurological approach. Based on cognitive and behavioral findings, continuous optimization, even in its simplest form, has very high mental costs and this makes economic agents more inclined to institutional decisions to save these mental costs, along with occasional optimizations. In the conceptual field of transaction costs, Coase and Williamson argue that the existence of "transaction costs" could pave the way for the replacement of "hierarchy instead of market exchange". In a different field, ie in the conceptual field of decision making, it can be argued that the existence of "decision costs" can pave the way for replacing "institutional decision making instead of direct optimization". The existence of very high benefits and returns in social exchanges and the importance of institutional acting to achieve these benefits intensify this economic tendency in an evolutionary process. Religious behavior is a kind of institutional behavior (following religious rules and habits) and considering this view that institutional decision making and direct optimization both are important and have distinctive roles in decision making process can influence microfoundations of Islamic economics.
https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_1654_fe9c18ba5623aab488d466c362fae4b0.pdf
2019-09-23
121
147
10.30471/iee.2020.4717.1676
Institutional economics
institutional decision making
optimization
dual thinking system
cognitive and behavioral economics
Javad
Aghdas Tinat
javadaqdasi@yahoo.com
1
PhD professor of Islamic Economics, Department of Economics, University of Mazandaran, Researcher at the Research Center for Islamic Studies in the Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali Reza
Pourfaraj
a.pourfaraj@umz.ac.ir
2
Associate Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, University of Mazandaran
AUTHOR
Zahra
Karimi Moughari
zahra.karimimoughari@gmail.com
3
Associate Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, University of Mazandaran
AUTHOR
آرتور، ویلیام برایان (1396)، پیچیدگی و اقتصاد، ترجمه محمدابراهیم محجوب، تهران: نشر نی.
1
ابوجعفری، روحالله (1385)، «برداشت اقتصاد نهادگرا و مطالعه اقتصاد اسلامی»، فصلنامه اندیشه صادق، ش22، ص121−144.
2
بینهاکر، اریک دی (1395)، خاستگاه ثروت: تکامل، پیچیدگی و بازسازی اساسی علم اقتصاد، ترجمه گروه مترجمان، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه امام صادقg.
3
پورفرج، علیرضا؛ زهرا کریمی موغاری و جواد اقدس طینت (1398)، «تجانس و اهمیت اقتصاد نهادی برای ساخت اقتصاد اسلامی»، اقتصاد اسلامی، ش73، ص91−121.
4
تیلر، ریچارد (1396)، کجرفتاری: شکلگیری اقتصاد رفتاری، ترجمه بهنام شهائی، تهران: مؤسسه کتاب مهربان نشر.
5
جوشقانی نائینی، سیدحمید؛ محمدجواد توکلی و پرویز داوودی (1396)، «تطور مفهومی نهاد و دلالت آن بر مطالعات نهادی اقتصاد اسلامی و اقتصاد ایران»، جستارهای اقتصادی ایران، ش28، ص97-120.
6
ریزوندی، محمدامیر؛ بهرام سحابی، فرشاد مؤمنی و کاظم یاوری (1394)، «کاوشی در تعریف نهاد: ارزیابی رویکردهای متأخرِ بدیل در تعریف نهاد»؛ برنامهریزی و بودجه، سال بیستم، ش4، ص185-210.
7
کانمن، دانیل (1394)، تفکر: سریع و کند، ترجمه فروغ تالو صمدی، کرج: درّ دانش.
8
متوسلی، محمود؛ سید محمدعلی حسینیزاده و علی نیکونسبتی (1388)، «نهادگرایی و تأثیر نظریه سرل در مورد نهادها بر آن»، پژوهشهای اقتصادی، سال نهم، ش4، ص113−136.
9
متوسلی، محمود؛ مصطفی سمیعینسب و علی نیکونسبتی (1395)، نگاهی به رویکردهای بدیل: نهادگرایی و مکتب اتریش، چاپ دوم، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه امام صادقg.
10
متوسلی، محمود؛ محمود مشهدی احمد؛ مصطفی سمیعینسب و علی نیکونسبتی (1390)، تجدید حیات اقتصاد نهادی (نگاهی به اندیشههای اقتصاددانان نهادی جدید)، تهران: دانشگاه امام صادقg.
11
مشهدی احمد، محمود (1393)، اقتصاد نهادگرا: مطالعه یک سنت هترودکس در برابر ارتدکس اقتصادی، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه امام صادق.
12
معرفی محمدی، عبدالحمید (1394)، «مفهوم نظم در اقتصاد اسلامی»، اقتصاد اسلامی، ش58، ص33−62.
13
نظری، حسن آقا (1395)، «خاستگاه نظریهپردازی علمی اقتصاد اسلامی با رویکرد نهادی آن»، نظریههای کاربردی اقتصاد، ش2، ص137−158.
14
نظری، حسن آقا (1396)، روششناسی علم اقتصاد اسلامی با رویکرد واقعیت نهادی، قم: پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه.
15
نصیری اقدم، علی (1385)، «اقتصاد هزینهمبادله»، جستارهای اقتصادی، ش5، ص157−208.
16
Aoki, M. (2007), “Endogenizing institutions and institutional changes”, Journal of Institutional Economics, 3(1), 1-31.
17
Coase, R. H. (1937), “The nature of the firm”, economica, 4(16), 386-405.
18
Engel, C., & Weber, E. U. (2007), “The impact of institutions on the decision how to decide”, Journal of Institutional Economics, 3(3), 323-349.
19
Evans, J. S. B., & Frankish, K. (Eds.), (2009), In two minds: Dual processes and beyond, New York: Oxford University Press.
20
Friedman, M. (1953), The methodology of positive economics. In Essays in positive economics, University of Chicago Press, pp. 3-43.
21
Greif, A., & Laitin, D. D. (2004), “A theory of endogenous institutional change”, American political science review, 98(4), 633-652.
22
Groenewegen, J., Spithoven, A. H. G. M., & Van Den Berg, A. (2010), Institutional economics: An introduction.
23
Hindriks, F., & Guala, F. (2015), “Institutions, rules, and equilibria: a unified theory”, Journal of Institutional Economics, 11(3), 459-480.
24
Hodgson, G. M. (1998), “The approach of institutional economics”, Journal of economic literature, 36(1), 166-192.
25
Hodgson, G.M. (2006), “What Are Institutions? ”, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol XI, NO.1, 1-25.
26
Hodgson, G. M. (2015), “On defining institutions: rules versus equilibria”, Journal of Institutional Economics, 11(3), 497-505.
27
Hodgson, G., & Gindis, D. (2007), “An interview with oliver Williamson”, Journal of Institutional Economics, 3(3), 373-386.
28
Joskow, P. L. (2008), Introduction to new institutional economics: A report card, New institutional economics: A guidebook, 1-19.
29
Mantzavinos, C., North, D. C., & Shariq, S. (2004), “Learning, institutions, and economic performance”, Perspectives on politics, 2(1), 75-84.
30
North, D. C. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31
North, D. C. (1995), The new institutional economics and third world development, In The new institutional economics and third world development. Edited by John Harriss, Janet Hunter and Colin M.Lewis, pp. 17-26. Routledge.
32
North, D. C. (2005), Understanding the process of Economic Change, Princeton University Press.
33
North, Douglassc & Denzau, Arthr.T (1994), Shared Mental Models: Ideologies and Institutions, Kyklos.
34
Searle, J. R. (2005), “What is an institution? ”, Journal of institutional economics, 1(1), 1-22.
35
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36
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37
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38
Williamson, O. E. (2000), “The new institutional economics: taking stock, looking ahead”, Journal of economic literature, 38(3), 595-613.
39
Williamson, O.E. (2005a), “The Economics of Governance”, American Economic Review, Vol. 95, No. 2, 1-18.
40
Williamson, O. E. (2005b), “Transaction cost economics”, In Handbook of new institutional economics (pp. 41-65). Springer US.
41
Williamson, O. E. (2010), “Transaction cost economics: The natural progression”, American Economic Review, 100(3), 90-673.
42
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigating the relationship between efficiency and justice in Islamic economics in comparison with the concept of efficiency in conventional economics
The rules and principles that organize society in the use of resources and facilities as well as the distribution of blessings among members of society are among the fundamental issues in the field of social science theories. Efficiency is a symbol of growth and is known as a mechanism for regulating societies' relations. Proponents of social justice in recent decades, reminding the need to pay more attention to it, have proposed justice as the highest criterion for organizing society. These two recent approaches have turned the confrontation between efficiency and justice into one of the central conflicts of economists and the relationship between these two concepts has become a fundamental question. This article examines the relationship between justice and efficiency in the Islamic economic system based on a review of credible sources and documents and using a descriptive-analytical method. This article concludes that efficiency is the most effective use of resources and tools for achieving justice and therefore there is no confrontation between the two concepts.
https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_1657_77bbc1c04fb2aae418d35d4905404f9a.pdf
2019-09-23
149
176
10.30471/iee.2020.5104.1725
Efficiency
Scarcity
Justice
Resources
goal
Welfarism
Meta-welfarism
Ali Reza
Lashkari
askr110@gmail.com
1
Assistant professor, Faculty of Economics, Research Institute of Hawzah and University
LEAD_AUTHOR
آمدی، عبدالواحد (1373)، غررالحکم و درر الکلم، شرح جمال الدین محمد خوانساری، تصحیح میرجلالالدین محدث ارموی، تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
1
آمدی، عبدالواحد بن محمد تمیمی (1366)، غررالحکم و درر الکلم، شرح آقا جمالالدین خوانساری، قم: مرکز انتشارات دفتر تبلیغات اسلامی.
2
امیری، هادی؛ روحالله شهنازی و زهرا دهقان شبانی (1391)، اقتصاد بخش عمومی (1)،تهران: پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه و سمت.
3
جوادی آملی، عبدالله(1371)، فلسفه و اهداف حکومت اسلامی، مجله فرآیند مدیریت و توسعه، پاییز 1371 − شماره 18، ص1 تا 15).
4
چپرا، محمدعمر (1384)، اسلام و چالش اقتصادی، مترجمان حسین میرمعزی و همکاران، قم: سازمان انتشارات پژوهشگاه فرهنگ و اندیشه اسلامی.
5
دادگر، یداله (1378)، «کنکاشی مقدماتی در: کارایی، رفاه و عدالت در اسلام و اقتصاد متعارف»، فصلنامه نامه مفید، ش17، ص41−72.
6
رضایی، مجید (1383)، «جایگاه نهاد دولت در عرصه اقتصاد»، مقاله 2، دوره 4، ش14، ص37−62.
7
رفیعی آتانی، عطاءالله (1386)، «جایگاه دولت در نظام اقتصادی»، فصلنامه اقتصاد اسلامی، ش28، ص38−59.
8
رنانی، محسن (1385)، «عدالت در خدمت کاتالاکسی»، روزنامه شرق، 19/2/85، ش755، ص24.
9
سبحانی، حسن (1391)، گستره اقتصاد اسلامی، تهران: سمت، مرکز تحقیق و توسعه علوم اسلامی.
10
سجادیه، علیرضا؛ عادل پیغامی و محمدصادق ترابزاده جهرمی (1395)، گفتارهایی در عدالت اجتماعی، ج1، تهران: دانشگاه امام صادقj.
11
صدر، سیدکاظم (1375)، اقتصاد صدر اسلام، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.
12
صدر، سیدمحمدباقر (1382)، اقتصادنا، قم: بوستان کتاب.
13
عیوضلو، حسین (1389)، «مروری بر معیارهای عدالت اجتماعی و اقتصادی در تطبیق با چارچوب شریعت اسلام»، دوفصلنامه مطالعات اقتصاد اسلامی، سال دوم، ش2، ص5−26.
14
الکلینی، محمّد بن یعقوب (1430ه. ق)، الکافی، ج2، قم: دارالحدیث للطباعة و النشر.
15
گیلک حکیمآبادی، محمدتقی (1380)، دولت و سیاستهای اقتصادی، در دانشنامه امام علیj، ص315−380، تهران: مرکز نشر آثار پژوهشگاه فرهنگ و اندیشه اسلامی.
16
مالک، محمدرضا (1382)، «وظایف و مسئولیتهای دولت اسلامی در اقتصاد»، فصلنامه اقتصاد اسلامی، ش15، ص37−68.
17
مطهری، مرتضی (1391)، مجموعه آثار شهید مطهری، ج26، تهران: صدرا.
18
موسویان، عباس (1381)، «دولت در اقتصاد از دیدگاه اندیشمندان اهل سنت، در نقش دولت در اقتصاد»، به اهتمام سعید فراهانی، تهران: مؤسسه فرهنگی دانش و اندیشه معاصر، ص155−194.
19
20. موسویان، عباس (1382)، «جایگاه دولت از دیدگاه اسلام»، اقتصاد اسلامی، ش 10 ص55−79.
20
Kahf, Monzer) 2014), Notes on Islamic Economics: Theories and Institutions, Published by: Monzer Kahf.
21
Blaug, Mark (2007), “The Fundamental Theorems of Modern Welfare Economics, Historically Contemplated”, journal of History of Political Economy, 2007, 39, (2), 185-207.
22
Buchanan, Allen (1985), Ethics, efficency and the Market, CLAREVDON PRESS, Oxford.
23
Layard, P.R.G. and Walters, A. A. (1978), Micro economic theory, McGraw-Hill, newYork.
24
Mathis, Klaus. et al. (2009), Efficiency Instead of Justice?: Searching for the philosophical foundations of the economic analysis of law, Springer, Dordrecht.
25
Musgrave, R.A. and Musgrave, p. (1989), Public Finance In Theory And Practice, 5th Edition, McMRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY.
26
Posner, Richard A. (1981), The Economics of Justice, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England.
27
Rawls, John(1971), A theory of Justice, Cambridge University Press
28
Tutulmaz, onur (2014), “The Relationship of Technical Efficiency with Economical or Allocative Efficiency”, An Evaluation Journal of Research in Business and Management, Vol.2, Issue 9 , pp: 01-12.
29
weizel, Tim (2004), Economics of Standards in Information Networks, Physica-Verlag Heidelberg.
30
Wicksell, Knut (1967) [1901, Swedish original edition]. Lectures on Political Economy, Vol. 1, Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd., London.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigating the Impact of Economic, Social and Political Factors on Zakat Revenues in Selected Provinces of Iran
Due to some problems, an efficient tax system has not yet been fully implemented in the country; therefore, zakat can be considered as one of the important Islamic taxes. Therefore, in this study, the impact of economic, political and social factors affecting the collected zakat in selected and large provinces of Iran is investigated. For this purpose, data related to the years 2003-2014 and the data panel method have been used to estimate the model. The results of this comparison show that the variables of per capita income, value added of agricultural sector and value added of industrial sector as economic variables, life expectancy index and population growth rate as social variables have a positive effect on zakat income in the studied provinces. The coefficient of per capita income variable is higher than the others and shows the greater effectiveness of this variable. The variable of political freedom index during the period under study has no significant effect on zakat income in selected provinces.
https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_1652_679f0dea1292ab979a16ac634ac1b4fd.pdf
2019-09-23
177
192
10.30471/iee.2019.4422.1626
Zakat
Panel Data Method
economic variables
Social Variables
Political Variables
Vida
Varahrami
vida.varahrami@gmail.com
1
Assistant professor at Economics, Shahid Beheshti University
LEAD_AUTHOR
توسلی، محمد اسماعیل (1393)، «ارائه روشی برای برآورد زکات (مطالعه موردی استان قم)»، پژوهشنامه مالیات، ش22 (مسلسل 70)، ص81−109.
1
زمانیفر، حسین (1382) ارزیابی توان فقرزدایی زکات در برخی از استانهای منتخب، پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه تهران.
2
فرهادیان، علی و وثوق بلال (1390)، «شناسایی و رتبهبندی عوامل مؤثر بر میزان مشارکت افراد در پرداخت زکات»، اقتصاد اسلامی، دوره سوم، ش 6، ص141−170.
3
قرائتی، محسن (1382)، خمس و زکات، چ 1 ، تهران: مؤسسه تحقیقات و نشر معارف اهلالبیتb،.
4
گرایینژاد، غلامرضا و الهه چپردار (1391)، «بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر درآمدهای مالیاتی در ایران»، فصلنامه علوم اقتصادی، س6، ش20، ص66−92.
5
عسکری، محمدمهدی و عبدالمحمد کاشیا، (1394)، «برآورد ظرفیت بالقوه زکات در اقتصاد ایران و مقایسه آن با زکات پرداختی طی سال های 1380 تا 1389»، مطالعات اقتصاد اسلامی، س7، ش2، ص69−106.
6
عسکری، حشمتاله و بهروز بادپا (1393)، «اثر زکات بر مصرف عمومی در ایران»، مطالعات اقتصاد اسلامی، س6، ش2، ص83−112.
7
نوفرستی، محمد (۱۳۹۱)، ریشه واحد و همجمعی در اقتصادسنجی، تهران: انتشارات درسا.
8
ورهرامی، ویدا؛ جابر لایق گیگلو و وحید لایق گیگلو (1395)، «تأثیر زکات بر توزیع درآمد در ایران طی سالهای 1380-1390»، جستارهای اقتصادی ایران، س13، ش25، ص1−18.
9
Abdelbaki, Hisham (2013). “The Impact of Zakat on Poverty and Income Inequality in Bahrain”, Review of Integrative Business & Economics Research, Department of Economics, Mansoura University, Egypt.
10
Amin, A., Majeed, A., Parveen, S., Asif, M., & Anwar, S. (2014), “Factors Affecting Tax Collection in Pakistan: An Empirical Investigation”, Journal of Finance and Economics, 2(5), 149-155.
11
Basirat, M., Aboodi, F., &Ahangari, A. (2014), “Analyzing the Effect of Economic Variables on Total Tax Revenues in Iran”, Asian Economic and Financial Review, 4(6), 755-767.
12
Castro, G. Á., & Camarillo, D. B. R. (2014), “Determinants of tax revenue in OECD countries over the period 2001–2011”, Contaduría y Administración,59(3), 35-59.
13
Chaudhry, I. S., &Munir, F. (2010), “Determinants of low tax revenue in Pakistan”, Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 30(2), 439-452.
14
Dioda, L. (2012), “Structural determinants of tax revenue in Latin America and the Caribbean”, Sub regional Headquarters in Mexico, 1-44.
15
Einstein, D. (2006), “Does one contribution come at the expense of another? Empirical evidence on substitution among charitable donations”, Mumbai: Jaico Publishing House.
16
Gaalya, M. S. (2015), “Trade Liberalization and Tax Revenue Performance in Uganda”, Modern Economy, 6(2), 228-244.
17
Karagöz, K. (2013), “Determinants of tax revenue: does sartorial composition matter. Journal of Finance”, Accounting and Management, 4(2), 50-63.
18
Muibi, S. O., &Sinbo, O. O. (2013), “Macroeconomic Determinants of Tax Revenue in Nigeria (1970-2011)”. World Applied Sciences Journal, 28(1), 27-35.
19
Sen Gupta, A. (2007), “Determinants of tax revenue efforts in developing countries”, IMF Working Papers, 1-39.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Estimation of Private Sector Consumption Function in Iran with Islamic Economics Approach
In this study, the estimation of the private sector consumption function in Iran with the Islamic economics approach was evaluated using the Uncorrected Error Correction Model (UECM) band has been based on convergence test (Boys, Shane & Smith, 2001) during the period of 1984-2017. In the estimated function, the consumption expenditure of the private sector in Iran, a function of non-oil GDP, the ratio of household religious expenditure to total household expenses as an indicator of people's faith, inflation and interest rates on bank deposits as a share of funds suppliers' participatory market is considered. The results of this estimation indicate that with a one-percent increase in non-oil GDP, private sector spending will increase by 1.01 percent, and with a one-percent increase in inflation, private sector spending will decrease by 0.63 percent. With a one-percent increase in the people's faith index, private sector consumption is down 0.15 percent. The results indicate that increasing their faith will reduce their consumption. In this study, the interest rate on long-term bank deposits as a share of fund providers in the participation market did not have a significant effect on the consumption of individuals.
https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_1651_10df2c730cf8664d389f0f9659706c56.pdf
2019-09-23
193
210
10.30471/iee.2019.5497.1775
Macroeconomics
Islamic Economics
Private Sector Consumption
Band Convergence Test
Unclassified Error Correction Model
Saeede
Kamranpour
saeede.kamranpoor@gmail.com
1
Invited professor of the Faculty of Economics, Ilam University
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mansour
Zera&#;anejad
zarram@gmail.com
2
Faculty member, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
AUTHOR
Salah
Ebrahimi
ebs1365@gmail.com
3
PhD students of economics, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
AUTHOR
قرآن کریم
1
استادزاده، علیحسین (1391)، «بررسی مصرف بین دورهای با رویکرد اقتصاد اسلامی»، نشریه اقتصاد و بانکداری اسلامی، ش1، ص92−77.
2
باقری تودشکی، مجتبی (1388)، «الگوی مصرف بر مبنای ارزشهای اسلامی»، اقتصاد اسلامی، دوره 8، ش34، ص65−39.
3
بانک مرکزی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، گزارش اقتصادی و ترازنامه بانک مرکزی، سالهای مختلف.
4
برانسون، ویلیام. اچ (1383)، تئوری و سیاستهای اقتصاد کلان، عباس شاکری، چاپ هفتم، تهران: نشر نی.
5
تفضلی، فریدون (1376)، اقتصاد کلان، تئوریها و سیاستهای اقتصادی، چاپ دهم، تهران: نشر نی.
6
6. توتونچیان، ایرج (1363)، تئوری تقاضا و تحلیل اقتصادی انفاق، تهران: مرکز اطلاعات فنی ایران.
7
جمعی از نویسندگان (1375)، «درسهایی از اقتصاد اسلامی»، مقاله انس زرقاء، ترجمۀ مجتبی باقریتودشکی، قم: دانشگاه مفید.
8
داورزنی، زهره (1383)، «بـرآورد تـابع انگـل بـرای مخـارج مـذهبی خانوارهـای شـهری و روسـتایی»، پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه مفید.
9
الریشهری، محمد (1416ق)، میزان الحکمه، قم: دارالحدیث.
10
شفیعی، علی (1390)، «تخمین تابع انفاق در ایران با تأکید بر رفتار اختیاری انفاق در اسلام»، پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
11
صادقی، حسین؛ مرتضی عزتی و علی شفیعی (1392)، «تخمین تابع انفاق در ایران»، فصلنامه پژوهشهای اقتصادی (رشد و توسعه پایدار)، ش2، ص84−61.
12
عزتی، مرتضی (1382)، «اثر ایمان مذهبی بر رفتار مصرفکننده»، اقتصاد اسلامی، د 3، ش11، ص 34−11.
13
قحف، منذر (1376)، مقدمهای بر اقتصاد اسلامی، ترجمه عباس عرب مازار، چاپ اول، تهران: سازمان برنامه و بودجه.
14
گرجی، ابراهیم (1379)، اقتصاد کلان، تئوریها و سیاستگذاریهای کلان، چاپ اول، تهران: مؤسسه مطالعات و پژوهشهای بازرگانی.
15
متولی، مختار محمد (1403ق)، «احکام الشریعه وداله الاستهلاک فی الدول الاسلامیه»، جامعه عبدالملک، الاقتصاد الاسلامی، ج1، ص41−3.
16
منکیو، گریگوری (1375)، اقتصاد کلان 2، حمیدرضا برادران شرکاء و علی پارسائیان، چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی.
17
میرمعزی، سید حسین (1384)، «الگوی مصرف کلان در جامعه اسلامی»، اقتصاد اسلامی، ش20، ص 56-33.
18
نوفرستی، محمد (1389)، ریشه واحد و همجمعی در اقتصادسنجی، تهران: رسا.
19
Alam, M. I., and Quazi, R. M. (2003), “Determinant of Capital Flight: An Econometric Case Study of Bangladesh”, International Review of Applied Economics, Vol.17, pp. 85-103.
20
Ang, J.B., (2007), “Co2 Emisions, Energy Consumption, and Output in France”, Energy Policy, Vol. 35, Iss.10, pp. 4772-4778.
21
Ashker, A., (1985), on the Islamic theory of consumer behaviour: an empirical inquiry in a non-Islamic country, centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic studies, university of Durham.
22
Banerjee, A., Dolado, J., Galbraith, J.W. and Hendry, D.F., (1993), Co-Integration, Error Correction, and the Econometric Analysis of Non-Stationary Data, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
23
Barnes, J., (2009), “Style and Consumption among East African Muslim Immigrant Women: The Intersection of Religion, Ethnicity and Minority Status”, Award Winning Sociology Papers, Paper 3, URL: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/soci_award/3.
24
Hasan, Z., (2002), “Maximization Postulates and their Efficacy for Islamic Economics”, American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 95-118.
25
Hasan, Z., (2002), Comments on Poverty elimination in an Islamic perspective: an applied general equilibrium approach; The Islamic Foundation, UK: 97-112.
26
Hossain, B., (2015), “Application of Islamic Consumer Theory: An Empirical Analysis in the Context of Bangladesh”, Global Review of Islamic Economics and Business, 2(1), pp. 69-83.
27
Iqbal, M., (1985), Zakah, Moderation and Aggregate Consumption in an Islamic Economy; Journal of Research in Islamic Economics, Jwddah, Vol. 3, No. 1.
28
Kahf, M. M., (1973), A Contribution to the Study of the economics of Islamic, Utah U.S.A.: Univ. of Utah, S.L.C., july.
29
Kahf, M. M., (1974), “A Model of the Household Decision in Islamic Economy; Association of Muslim Social Scientist, proceeding”, Third National Seminar, Gary, Indiana, May.
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Kahf, M. M., (1992a), The Theory of Consumption،, in Tahir et al: Readings in Microeconomics in Islamic Perspective; Longman Malaysia.
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Kahf, M. M., (1992b), A Contribution to the theory of Consumer Behaviour in an Islamic; Society,Readings in Microeconomics in Islamic Perspective, Longman Malaysia.
33
Kahf, M. M., (2002), Islamic economics, Book in press.
34
Khan, M.F., (1984), “Macro Consumption Function in Islamic Framework”, Journal of Research in Islamic Economics, Vol. 1, No.2, pp.30-47.
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Khan, M.F., (1992), Theory of Consumer Behaviour in an Islamic Perspective, Readings in Microeconomics in Islamic Perspective, Longman Malaysia.
36
Narayan, S. and Narayan, P.K., (2004), “Determinant of Demand for Fiji’s Exports: an Empirical Investigation”, The Developing Economies, XLII-1, pp. 95−112.
37
Narayan, P., K. & Smyth, R., (2005), “Electricity Consumption, Employment and Real Income in Australia Evidences from Multivariate Granger Causality Tests”, Energy Policy, Article in Press.
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Omar Mohammed, M., (2011), “Economic Consumption Model Revisited: Infaq based on Al Shaybani’s levels of Al- Kasb”, International Journal of Economics, Management & Accounting, 19: 115-132.
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Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001), “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, pp.289-326.
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Yasser, F., (2016), “Consumer Behavior in Islamic Perspective: An Empirical Analysis”, International Journal of Management Research and Emerging Sciences, vol. 6, pp.78-100.
41
Zakaria, R.H. & Abdul Kader, R. & Mohd Jaafar, N.I. & Marican, S., (2012), “Burgeoning Household Debt: An Islmaic Economic Perspective”, Middle – East Journal of Scientific Research, 12 (9): 1182-1189.
42
Zarqa, A., (1992), Consumer Behaviour in Islamic perspective, in Tahir et al, Readings in, Microeconomics in Islamic Perspective, Longman, Malaysia.
43
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation and analysis of economic resilience indicators for single-product countries
Economic resilience is an important component of a resistance economy. This is much more important for countries with a single-product economy. It is once a resilient economic system that can absorb temporary or permanent risks and adapt itself to rapidly changing circumstances without losing its function. The issue of economic resilience for countries with a single-product economy or single export commodity is far more important because these countries are severely vulnerable to various shocks due to their dependence on the income of a particular product (such as oil). Therefore, the main objective of this study is to measure the resilience of economies in single export commodity economies during the period of 1995-1956. For this purpose, based on the export concentration index, Angola, Azerbaijan, Botswana, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Iran, Iraq, Mali, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Yemen were selected for the purpose of this study. The economic indicators of resilience for the study based on Angion and Bates (2015) are: household consumption, exports, GDP, public expenditures, gross capital formation, food imports, imports and inflation. In this study, Shannon's entropy method was used for weight loss and topsis method, numerical taxonomy, weighted average were used for ranking of resilience indices. In addition, using the Spearman-Shannon method, these three methods were compared. The main results of the study are: 1. among the indicators of resilience, the final consumption expenditure of the state is most important. 2. Compared to most countries, Iran has a favorable economic resilience with a single-product economy, but is not well positioned compared to countries in the region, such as Saudi Arabia.
https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_1650_9e5e05a37e1d162301e61375c03e87ab.pdf
2019-09-23
211
237
10.30471/iee.2020.5230.1743
Resistance Economics
Economic vulnerability
economic resilience
Single-Product countries
Multi-criteria analysis methods
Mohammad Reza
Mahdiyar Ismaili
esmaeili_eco@yahoo.com
1
Imam Hossein University / Faculty & Management & Planning Institute
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Salehi Komroudi
salehi205@gmail.com
2
Department of Agricultural Economics, Tabriz University
AUTHOR
Reza
Shakeri Bostanabad
reza.shakeri@ut.ac.ir
3
Department of Agricultural Economics, Tehran University
LEAD_AUTHOR
ابونوری، اسمعیل و حسن لاجوردی (1395الف)، «برآورد شاخص آسیبپذیری و تابآوری اقتصادی به روش پارامتریکی: بررسی موردی کشورهای عضو اوپک»، فصلنامه نظریههای کاربردی اقتصاد، 3 (3)، ص25−44.
1
ابونوری، اسمعیل و حسن لاجوردی (1395ب)، «برآورد شاخص ترکیبی آسیبپذیری و تابآوری اقتصاد ایران»، اقتصاد و الگوسازی، 7(4)، ص1−29.
2
اسدی، علی (1393)، «نظام اقتصاد اسلامی الگویی کامل برای اقتصاد مقاومتی»، سیاستهای راهبردی و کلان، 2(5)، ص25−39.
3
امیری، حسین؛ محبوبه پیرداده بیرانوند، فریبا نوروزی و شیوا علیزاده (1397)، «برآورد شاخصهای آسیبپذیری و تابآوری در اقتصاد ایران»، فصلنامه سیاستهای راهبردی و کلان، 6(22)، ص 434−455 .
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9
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10
طاهرپور، جواد و سارا امیری (1397)، «جایگاه آسیبپذیری و تابآوری اقتصادی ایران در بین کشورهای نفتی»، مجلس و راهبرد، 25(93)، ص 121−148.
11
عبداللهزاده، غلامحسین؛ محمدشریف شریفزاده و بنفشه ترحمی (1394)، «مقایسه روشهای تجمیع شاخصها برای ساخت شاخص ترکیبی توسعه منطقهای»، مطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری منطقهای، 7 (27)، ص1−20 .
12
عبدالملکی، حجتالله (1395)، اقتصاد مقاومتی: درآمدی بر مبانی، سیاستها و برنامه عمل، تهران: دانشگاه امام صادقj.
13
عبدی، جابر؛ محمدتقی گیلک حکیمآبادی (1396)، «مقایسهای از آسیبپذیری اقتصادی ایران با سایر کشورهای با درآمد متوسط منتخب»، پژوهشنامه اقتصادی، 17(66)، ص179−200.
14
غیاثوند، ابوالفضل و فاطمه عبدالشاه (1394)، «مفهوم و ارزیابی تابآوری اقتصادی ایران»، پژوهشنامه اقتصادی، 15 (59)، ص161−187.
15
فراهانیفرد، سعید و محسن کشاورز (1393)، «بررسی تجربی تحقق اهداف نظام اقتصادی اسلام در اقتصاد ایران پس از انقلاب اسلامی»، مطالعات اقتصاد اسلامی، 7(13)، ص7−30.
16
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17
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18
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19
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37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Presenting the Islamic model of foreign trade with the approach of diplomacy of resistance economy; case study of Iran-Iraq business relations
Foreign trade with resistance economy diplomacy approach is a new concept that examines the role of diplomacy in promoting foreign trade. The purpose of this study is to design a foreign trade model with emphasis on the resilient economy approach. In terms of purpose, this research is a category of developmental research that has been conducted in two stages. First, using the content analysis method based on semi-structured interviews with people who are experts in foreign trade, economic diplomacy and resistance economics, the relevant effective factors were identified and the initial conceptual model was extracted. Then, using the opinion of experts and specialists, through the distribution of a questionnaire and the use of interpretive structural methods, the components of the final model of research, ranking and the relationship between them were identified. Findings show that 180 codes in the form of 15 themes affect the foreign trade pattern. Also, fundamental changes and developments were identified as the most fundamental factor or factors of supply chain completion, production development and deepening of internal manufacturing and institutional quality of the model, as dependent factors, respectively. The results of the research, while identifying the influential and strategic factors in foreign trade, provide the basis for explaining its concept, separating this phenomenon from similar cases, including the diplomacy approach of resistance economics, and also presenting a conceptual model to understand and apply this model in foreign trade and other economic cooperation. Also, due to the importance and expansion of Iran-Iraq trade relations and regional cooperation, especially Iraq, to establish and maintain long-term relations with countries and its role in the country's economic growth in various industries, companies should consider the impact of this model on the paving of the way for foreign markets.
https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_1655_417fb4f6dda46cd5244b02f297ad56ce.pdf
2019-09-23
239
267
10.30471/iee.2020.5791.1815
Foreign Trade
Economic Diplomacy
Resilience Economics
Theme Analysis
Interpretive Structural Model
Mojtaba
Rostami
rostami.mojtaba@yahoo.com
1
PhD student, Faculty of Business Administration, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan branch; email: Rostami
AUTHOR
Farshid
Namamian
farshidnamamian@iauksh.ac.ir
2
Faculty of Business Administration, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah branch
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali Reza
Eslambolchi
slambolchi@iauh.ac.ir
3
Faculty of Public Administration, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan branch
AUTHOR
Ruhollah
Sohrabi
r.sohrabi@basu.ac.ir
4
Assistant Professor of Production and Operations Management, Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
AUTHOR
1. اصغری، محمود (1395)، «اقتصاد مقاومتی و رابطه آن با ارزشها و هنجاهای اقتصادی−اجتماعی»، فصلنامه پژوهش های اجتماعی اسلامی، 22(1)، ص3−30.
1
2. مرکز پژوهشهای مجلس (1394)، اقتصاد و سیاست خارجی در جمهوری اسلامی ایران؛ همافزایی یا تعارض (با تأکید بر تبیین جایگاه سیاست خارجی در استراتژی تجاری و اقتصادی جمهوری اسلامی ایران)، شماره گزارش 41847.
2
3. باقری، حسین؛ الله مراد سیف و نجفعلی شهبازی (1396)، «الگوی پیشنهادی دیپلماسی اقتصادی جمهوری اسلامی ایران در راستای عمق بخشی خارجی انقلاب اسلامی»، فصلنامه آفاق، 10(34)، ص35−64.
3
4. سمیعی نسب، مصطفی (1393)، «دیپلماسی اقتصادی، راهبرد مقابله با تحریمهای اقتصادی در منظومه اقتصاد مقاومتی»، فصلنامه آفاق امنیت، 7(25)، ص115−147.
4
5. سیف، اله مراد و حافظیه،علی اکبر(1392)« راهبردهای تجارت بینالملل اقتصاد مقاومتی جمهوری اسلامی ایران»، فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی مطالعات راهبردی بسیج، 16 (60)، ص183−216.
5
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6
7. غیاثوند، ابوالفضل و فاطمه عبدالشاه (1394)، «مفهوم و ارزیابی تابآوری اقتصادی ایران»، پژوهشنامه اقتصادی، 15(59)، ص161−187.
7
8. کریم، محمدحسین؛ محمود صفدری نهاد و مسعود امجدیپور (1393)، «توسعه کشاورزی و اقتصاد مقاومتی، جایگزین نفت»، سیاستهای راهبردی و کلان، 2 (ش6)، ص103−127.
8
9. موسوی شفایی، مسعود؛ همت ایمانی و مهدی باقری (1395)، «دیپلماسی اقتصادی و قدرتیابی چین در عرصه جهانی»، مطالعات اقتصاد سیاسی بینالملل، 1(2)، ص35−82.
9
10. Balaguer, J., Florica, T. , & Ripollés, J. (2015), “Foreign trade and economic growth in Spain (1900–2012): the role of energy imports”, Economia Politica, 32(3), 359-375.
10
11. Bekkers, E. (2019). Challenges to the trade system: The potential impact of changes in future trade policy. Journal of Policy Modeling, 41(3), 489-506.
11
12. Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006), “Using thematic analysis in psychology”, Qualitative research in psychology journal, 3(2), 123-140.
12
13. Briguglio, L. & Galea, W. , (2003), “Updating and Augmenting the Economic Vulnerability Index”, Occasional Paper on Islands and Small States, No. 2004/4. Malta: Islands and Small States Institute of the University of Malta.
13
14. Buckley, P. J. (2018). Internalisation theory and outward direct investment by emerging market multinationals. Management International Review, 58(2),
14
15. Creswell, J. (2007), Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches, sage.
15
16. Demir, A. , Özmen, Ö. , & Rashid, A. (2014), “An Estimation of Turkey's Export Loss to Iraq”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 1240-1247.
16
17. Devadason, E. S. , Govindaraju, V. C. , & Mubarik, S. (2018), “Defining potentials and barriers to trade in the Malaysia–Chile partnership”, International Journal of Emerging Markets, 13(5), 758-779.
17
18. Flentø, D. , & Ponte, S. (2017), “Least-Developed Countries in a World of Global Value Chains: Are WTO Trade Negotiations Helping?”, World Development, 94, 366-374.
18
19. Farris D., Sage A. (1975), “On the use of interpretive structural modeling for worth assessment”, Computers and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2-3, pp. 149-174.
19
20. Gnangnon, S. K. (2017), “Structural economic vulnerability, openness and bilateral development aid flows”, Economic Analysis and Policy, 53, 77-95.
20
21. Karam, F., & Zaki, C. (2019). Why don’t MENA countries trade more? The curse of deficient institutions. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 73, 56-77.
21
22. Li, X. (2012), “Technology, factor endowments, and China's agricultural foreign trade: a neoclassical approach”, China Agricultural Economic Review, 4(1), 105-123.
22
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23
24. Moons, S. S., & van Bergeijk, P. P. (2013), “A meta-analysis of economic diplomacy and its effect on international economic flows”, ISS Working Paper Series/General Series, 566, 1-30.
24
25.Mau,V. (2016), "Anti-crisis measures or structural reforms: Russia’s economic policy in 2015," VOPROSY ECONOMIKI, N.P. Redaktsiya zhurnala "Voprosy Economiki", vol. 2.
25
26. Mourao, P. R. (2018), “What is China seeking from Africa? An analysis of the economic and political determinants of Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment based on Stochastic Frontier Models”, China Economic Review, 48, 258-268.
26
27. Muhammad Adnan Hye, Q. (2012), “Exports, imports and economic growth in China: an ARDL analysis”, Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies, 5(1), 42-55.
27
28. Papadimitriou, P. , & Pistikou, V. (2014), “Economic Diplomacy and Security in Sovereign States”, Procedia Economics and Finance, 9, 42-65.
28
29. Pfohl, H. C., Gallus, P., & Thomas, D. (2011), “Interpretive structural modeling of supply chain risks”, International Journal of physical distribution & logistics management, 41(9), 839-859.
29
30.Petri, P. A., Plummer, M. G., Urata, S., & Zhai, F. (2017). Going it alone in the Asia-Pacific: Regional trade agreements without the United States. Peterson Institute for International Economics Working Paper, (17-10).
30
31. Rasoulinezhad, E. (2017), “China’s foreign trade policy with OPEC member countries”, Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies, 10(1), 61-81.
31
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32
33. Tlhabanello, T. (2014). An assessment of economic and commercial diplomacy in micro-states: a case study of Namibia. Retrieved June, 10, 2019.
33
34. Talib, F. , & Rahman, Z. (2017), “Modeling the barriers of Indian telecom services using ISM and MICMAC approach”, Journal of Asia Business Studies, 11(2), 188-209.
34
35. Woolcock, S., & Bayne, N. (Eds.). (2013), The new economic diplomacy: decision-making and negotiation in international economic relations, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
35
36. Zhang, L., Zhang, X., & Cheng, K. (2015), “Construction and analysis of common foreign trade cycle based on MS-VAR: An empirical study of global experience”, Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, 28(2), 360-380.
36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Corruption on the Growth of the Iran's Economy: A Talent Allocation Approach
There are numerous and conflicting views on the impact of corruption on economic growth. A number of humanities scholars have described corruption as a good phenomenon and called it the grease wheel of the economy, and they believe that financial corruption improves the weak economic institutions, and by that means, the growth rate of the economy will increase. On the other hand, other humanities scholars have pointed to the undesirable nature of corruption, calling it the sand of the wheel of the economy and they have argued that corruption erodes economic growth by making the administrative process sluggish, costly and inefficient and shifting scarce resources to non-productive activities. This paper studies the impact of corruption on the growth of the Iranian economy from 1983 to 2014 by using the talent allocation approach and by applying the econometric method of equation system. The divergence in talent allocation has slowed the growth of the Iranian economy in those years.
https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_1653_13dcf72a250b6f0c8cb13d3bc22cc036.pdf
2019-09-23
269
296
10.30471/iee.2019.5241.1746
corruption
Economic Growth
human capital
Talent Allocation
Models with simultaneous equations
Mahdi
Zahed Gharavi
zahed_gharavi@yahoo.com
1
Assistant professor, Faculty of Economics, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University
AUTHOR
Saeed
Karimi
saeedkarimi35@yahoo.com
2
Assosiate professor, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, University of Mazandaran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Zahra (Mila)
Elmi
zelmila@yahoo.com
3
Faculty member of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department, University of Mazandaran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Taghi
Gilak Hakim&#;abadi
mtgilak@gmail.com
4
Assosiate professor, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, University of Mazandaran
AUTHOR
زاهد غروی، مهدی، کریمی پتانلار, سعید، علمی، زهرا (میلا) و گیلک حکیم آبادی، محمدتقی. (1396). "علل، آثـار و روند فسـاد مالی اقتصاد ایـران: رویکرد آثار عدیده − علل عدیده" مطالعات و سیاست های اقتصادی، (2)13، ص101−126.
1
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Measuring willingness to pay for Islamic securities to finance prisons: a case study about Isfahan
Developing capital markets through Islamic securities can improve the efficiency and management of the money market, achieving macroeconomic goals, and financing public sector. One of the most important and costly organizations in the economy is the Prisons' Organization. Despite the numerous needs of the prisons, the financing of Islamic securities is still not applied for this organization. Therefore, it is necessary to measure individuals' willingness to pay for Islamic securities. The present study, seeks to measure the willingness to pay, for both for profit and non-profit Islamic securities to finance prisons and analyze the factors affecting it. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) has been used to estimate the willingness to pay and rank-ordered probit model has been used to analyze the effective factors.
The findings show that, the average willingness to pay of the citizens of Isfahan for profit Islamic securities is 17000000 Rial per family in one year, and the average of willingness to pay for non-profit securities is 2600000 Rial per family in one year. Also, the variables income, type of assistance, the degree of trust to state institutions and aid intentions at the 95% confidence level have affected purchasing profitable Islamic securities, and age, income, type of assistance, the degree of trust in state institutions and the assurance intention at the 95% confidence level and the prisoners' record at 90% confidence level have affected the probability of purchasing non-profit Islamic securities.
https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_1658_3519bc17605db4d4d1025e4f84845059.pdf
2019-09-23
297
326
10.30471/iee.2020.4542.1646
Contingent Valuation
Willingness to Pay
Rank-ordered probit
Islamic Securities
Prison
Iman
Bastanifar
i.bastanifar@ase.ui.ac.ir
1
Assistant professor at economics, University of Isfahan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Heidari
heidari@isu.ac.ir
2
Assistant professor at economics, University of Isfahan
AUTHOR
Arman
Roshandel
arman.roshandel@yahoo.com
3
M.A at economics, University of Isfahan
AUTHOR
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