Research Institute of Hawzah and University; "Hawzah wa Dāneshgāh Research Institute"Journal of Iran's Economic Essays (JIEE)1735-33002420050923Determinants of Profitability in Oligopoly and Oligopsony MarketsDeterminants of Profitability in Oligopoly and Oligopsony Markets1133314FAMajidAhmadianFaculty Member of Tehran UniversityMohamd AliMotafaker AzadFaculty Member of Tabriz UniversityJournal Article20050405This paper provides a theoretical model in which the firms within a<br />processing industry behave in an oligopolistic and oligopsonistic<br />market simultaneously. The model developed yields an equation for<br />profit margin influenced by determinants of marginal processing cost<br />as well as distortions in both markets. By pooled cross section and<br />time series data, the equation is estimated for eleven sugar factories<br />involved in Tehran Exchange Market over the period of ١٩٩٦-٢٠٠٣.<br />Applications for both markets indicate that with an increase in both<br />the input share and output share, it causes an increase in the profit<br />margin; however, it reduces due to increasing in wages fuel and<br />energy costs. With competitive oligopsonistic market, the collusion<br />degree initiated by Clarke and Davies (١٩٨٢) in oligoppolistic market<br />is estimated. It turns out that the collusion parameter is lower and<br />negligible since price elasticity of demand is a faction for the quasi<br />price elasticity, but by considering only quasi price demand elasticity,<br />the degree of collusion is estimated to be higher.This paper provides a theoretical model in which the firms within a<br />processing industry behave in an oligopolistic and oligopsonistic<br />market simultaneously. The model developed yields an equation for<br />profit margin influenced by determinants of marginal processing cost<br />as well as distortions in both markets. By pooled cross section and<br />time series data, the equation is estimated for eleven sugar factories<br />involved in Tehran Exchange Market over the period of ١٩٩٦-٢٠٠٣.<br />Applications for both markets indicate that with an increase in both<br />the input share and output share, it causes an increase in the profit<br />margin; however, it reduces due to increasing in wages fuel and<br />energy costs. With competitive oligopsonistic market, the collusion<br />degree initiated by Clarke and Davies (١٩٨٢) in oligoppolistic market<br />is estimated. It turns out that the collusion parameter is lower and<br />negligible since price elasticity of demand is a faction for the quasi<br />price elasticity, but by considering only quasi price demand elasticity,<br />the degree of collusion is estimated to be higher.https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_314_fecf20ecf0ee1eebb1d3cd08d03ec30f.pdfResearch Institute of Hawzah and University; "Hawzah wa Dāneshgāh Research Institute"Journal of Iran's Economic Essays (JIEE)1735-33002420050923Compensating for the Deduction of Money Value; theory and practiceCompensating for the Deduction of Money Value; theory and practice3557315FASayyed HosseinMirjaliliFaculty Member of Institute of Humanities & Cultural studiesJournal Article20050405In three – last decades, one of the economic issues of Iran has been<br />"Deduction of money value ". To stand against the unpleasant<br />consequences of deduction of money value, the theory of<br />compensating for the deduction of money value through indexing<br />debts was propounded in Iran, based on Islamic jurisprudential and<br />economic reasons. Subsequently, annexing a note to article ١٠٨٢ of<br />civil law and granting bank interest by calculating rate of consuming<br />goods and services inflation has introduced according to law.<br />Considering analytical and contrastive method, the article, first,<br />evaluates Islamic jurisprudential and economic theory of<br />compensating for deduction of money value, then, practical problems,<br />come out of applying this theory in Iran's economy are disscused<br />here. This research article hypothesized that indexing would not be<br />an appropriate method to compensate for deduction of money value<br />because of practical and theoretical reasons.In three – last decades, one of the economic issues of Iran has been<br />"Deduction of money value ". To stand against the unpleasant<br />consequences of deduction of money value, the theory of<br />compensating for the deduction of money value through indexing<br />debts was propounded in Iran, based on Islamic jurisprudential and<br />economic reasons. Subsequently, annexing a note to article ١٠٨٢ of<br />civil law and granting bank interest by calculating rate of consuming<br />goods and services inflation has introduced according to law.<br />Considering analytical and contrastive method, the article, first,<br />evaluates Islamic jurisprudential and economic theory of<br />compensating for deduction of money value, then, practical problems,<br />come out of applying this theory in Iran's economy are disscused<br />here. This research article hypothesized that indexing would not be<br />an appropriate method to compensate for deduction of money value<br />because of practical and theoretical reasons.https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_315_ede83785ec8c085db6e07836d2a7c6b6.pdfResearch Institute of Hawzah and University; "Hawzah wa Dāneshgāh Research Institute"Journal of Iran's Economic Essays (JIEE)1735-33002420050923The Sources of the Industrial Sector Growth of the Economy of IranThe Sources of the Industrial Sector Growth of the Economy of Iran5882316FAAbolfazlShah-AbadiFaculty member of Abo ali sina universityJournal Article20050405The aim of this study is to assess the role of Total factor Productivity)<br />TFP) growth, Labor growth and physical capital growth on the<br />Iranian Industrial and mines Sector growth by applying production<br />function during the third, fourth and fifth development plan ( ١٩٦٣-<br />١٩٧٧) and the first, second and third economic, social and cultural<br />development plan of Islamic republic of Iran(١٩٨٩-٢٠٠٤).<br />The main findings are as follows:<br />The sources of the Industrial and mines sector growth order of<br />Iranian economy in the period of third, fourth and fifth development<br />plan before the Islamic revolution of Iran (١٩٦٣-١٩٧٧) are physical<br />capital, labor and TFP growth rate respectively.<br />٢- The sources of Industrial and mines sector growth order of Iran<br />in the period of the first, second and third economic, social and<br />cultural development plan of Islamic republic of Iran (١٩٨٩-٢٠٠٤) are<br />physical capital, TFP and labor growth rate respectively.<br />٣- TFP growth, labor and phyical capital productivity growth and<br />Industrial sector value added growth has experienced sever<br />fluctuating for the period of ١٩٦٣-٢٠٠٤.The aim of this study is to assess the role of Total factor Productivity)<br />TFP) growth, Labor growth and physical capital growth on the<br />Iranian Industrial and mines Sector growth by applying production<br />function during the third, fourth and fifth development plan ( ١٩٦٣-<br />١٩٧٧) and the first, second and third economic, social and cultural<br />development plan of Islamic republic of Iran(١٩٨٩-٢٠٠٤).<br />The main findings are as follows:<br />The sources of the Industrial and mines sector growth order of<br />Iranian economy in the period of third, fourth and fifth development<br />plan before the Islamic revolution of Iran (١٩٦٣-١٩٧٧) are physical<br />capital, labor and TFP growth rate respectively.<br />٢- The sources of Industrial and mines sector growth order of Iran<br />in the period of the first, second and third economic, social and<br />cultural development plan of Islamic republic of Iran (١٩٨٩-٢٠٠٤) are<br />physical capital, TFP and labor growth rate respectively.<br />٣- TFP growth, labor and phyical capital productivity growth and<br />Industrial sector value added growth has experienced sever<br />fluctuating for the period of ١٩٦٣-٢٠٠٤.https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_316_5f1adcd1b352d9c2e41d4c0a569f94c1.pdfResearch Institute of Hawzah and University; "Hawzah wa Dāneshgāh Research Institute"Journal of Iran's Economic Essays (JIEE)1735-33002420050923Price fixing from the Islamic Jurisprudence & Economics perspectivePrice fixing from the Islamic Jurisprudence & Economics perspective83114317FASayyedReza HusseiniFaculty Member of Economics Dep. of H&U. INSJournal Article20050405Fixing Price and its related policy is an important issue which is<br />discussed not only in jurisprudential and traditional texts, but also in<br />economics. With an emphasis on interdisciplinary approach, the<br />article tends to consider government fixing prices of goods and<br />services from the epistemological jurisprudence & economics<br />perspective. Even at the situation of monopoly and hoarding up, the<br />government is not authorized for fixing prices, as the article tries to<br />focus on. To come up with the discussion and achieving a<br />comprehensive understanding over it, nature of price and its position<br />in economic system is also considered here.Fixing Price and its related policy is an important issue which is<br />discussed not only in jurisprudential and traditional texts, but also in<br />economics. With an emphasis on interdisciplinary approach, the<br />article tends to consider government fixing prices of goods and<br />services from the epistemological jurisprudence & economics<br />perspective. Even at the situation of monopoly and hoarding up, the<br />government is not authorized for fixing prices, as the article tries to<br />focus on. To come up with the discussion and achieving a<br />comprehensive understanding over it, nature of price and its position<br />in economic system is also considered here.https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_317_95b3b8a7d3fc9a5294ab820dee5e046f.pdfResearch Institute of Hawzah and University; "Hawzah wa Dāneshgāh Research Institute"Journal of Iran's Economic Essays (JIEE)1735-33002420050923Justice, according to Islamic and western intellectualsJustice, according to Islamic and western intellectuals115138318FAMohammad ZamaneRostamiPh.D. in EconomicsJournal Article20050405Natural law, according to many of western intellectuals, are dominant<br />rules over human and creation, those which are impossible to be<br />interchanged and have created for human happiness. It is leaved,<br />finding them out, up to human. To balance relationships in society,<br />government and statue should be based upon natural law. Justice<br />may be defined as: moderation in affairs, equal opportunities among<br />same people, moderation in mental power, self- controlling over<br />anger, lust and distributing works based on talents.<br />Muslim Intellectuals believe that the whole universe is based upon<br />moderation and every thing is placed in its own position. They all<br />receive their real right and do their own obligation.<br />Justice is the task of performing talents. Every entity accepts<br />different forms. In this case, justice refers to this point that it is the<br />right of every thing to receive perfect, nice, stable and efficient form.<br />Human soul is composed of various faculties. Moderation in various<br />faculties of human soul is called justice. A moderated soul is the scale<br />of justice. It can measure the real value of every entity and place it in<br />its own position.<br />Social balance forms on the bases of natural differences of people,<br />ownership based on work, real social and individual necessities,<br />principle of benevolence, and principle of utmost productivity. Justice<br />is the fundamental of existence, the manifestation of "divinity",<br />putting everything in its own position, and granting him divine gifts<br />according to his talents. It moderates, overlaps and perfect all the<br />entities. Human life would survive and perfect by doing justice.<br />Justice means moderation in tendencies, interests, feelings,<br />inclinations, behavior and human relationship with god and nature.<br />Fair is the one who have moderate spiritual faculty and one of (his or<br />her) instincts or faculties do not overwhelm the other.Natural law, according to many of western intellectuals, are dominant<br />rules over human and creation, those which are impossible to be<br />interchanged and have created for human happiness. It is leaved,<br />finding them out, up to human. To balance relationships in society,<br />government and statue should be based upon natural law. Justice<br />may be defined as: moderation in affairs, equal opportunities among<br />same people, moderation in mental power, self- controlling over<br />anger, lust and distributing works based on talents.<br />Muslim Intellectuals believe that the whole universe is based upon<br />moderation and every thing is placed in its own position. They all<br />receive their real right and do their own obligation.<br />Justice is the task of performing talents. Every entity accepts<br />different forms. In this case, justice refers to this point that it is the<br />right of every thing to receive perfect, nice, stable and efficient form.<br />Human soul is composed of various faculties. Moderation in various<br />faculties of human soul is called justice. A moderated soul is the scale<br />of justice. It can measure the real value of every entity and place it in<br />its own position.<br />Social balance forms on the bases of natural differences of people,<br />ownership based on work, real social and individual necessities,<br />principle of benevolence, and principle of utmost productivity. Justice<br />is the fundamental of existence, the manifestation of "divinity",<br />putting everything in its own position, and granting him divine gifts<br />according to his talents. It moderates, overlaps and perfect all the<br />entities. Human life would survive and perfect by doing justice.<br />Justice means moderation in tendencies, interests, feelings,<br />inclinations, behavior and human relationship with god and nature.<br />Fair is the one who have moderate spiritual faculty and one of (his or<br />her) instincts or faculties do not overwhelm the other.https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_318_f2ab3997cba7fae67983e02a7417f63c.pdfResearch Institute of Hawzah and University; "Hawzah wa Dāneshgāh Research Institute"Journal of Iran's Economic Essays (JIEE)1735-33002420050923Residential Electricity Use Demand Estimation in Khuzestan ProvinceResidential Electricity Use Demand Estimation in Khuzestan Province139185319FAElhamPourazarmFaculty Member of Azad UniversityJournal Article20060405In contrast with other source of energy, electricity besides having<br />great importance in production and consumption, plays an important<br />role in economic & social decision – making process. During last<br />years, the variations procedure of residential electricity use has an<br />increasing scale. Through ١٩٧٧ to ٢٠٠١, total residential use of<br />electricity in Khuzestan province had increased tenfold and annual<br />use of every subscriber increases threefold.<br />The article tends to estimate residential electricity use demand<br />based on studies from ١٩٥١ to ٢٠٠٢ in iran and those in other<br />countries through ١٩٧٨ to ٢٠٠٠.<br />Both long and short run equations are estimated by (OLS)<br />(ordinary least squares) method and ECM (error correction model)<br />method in turn. Time series, considered in this article, are between<br />١٩٨٨ and ٢٠٠١. In this study, Time series are stationary, moreover<br />estimated models consist with classical hypothesis.<br />Regression of the model shows that long-run price elasticity is -<br />٠.٩٧ and long-run income elasticity is ١.٢٢, in short – run, they are -<br />٠.٢٢ and ٠.٥٤. Gas as a substitution for electricity has negative<br />coefficient in the model, therefore, the less the price of gas, the more<br />the electricity use and then, both gas & electricity will be used<br />simultaneously.<br />One of the reasons may be rising of temperature in buildings<br />because of using gas for cooking, boiling water or using lamps (which<br />produce heat), and thereafter, using air – conditioning and cooling<br />appliances to lower the temperature in hot months of year (about ٧<br />months). These are the most using electricity appliances.<br />Comparing income and price elasticities of residential electricity<br />demand in Khuzestan province, it can be concluded that electricity<br />demand is affected by price and income policies Income policies have<br />more influence than price policies.In contrast with other source of energy, electricity besides having<br />great importance in production and consumption, plays an important<br />role in economic & social decision – making process. During last<br />years, the variations procedure of residential electricity use has an<br />increasing scale. Through ١٩٧٧ to ٢٠٠١, total residential use of<br />electricity in Khuzestan province had increased tenfold and annual<br />use of every subscriber increases threefold.<br />The article tends to estimate residential electricity use demand<br />based on studies from ١٩٥١ to ٢٠٠٢ in iran and those in other<br />countries through ١٩٧٨ to ٢٠٠٠.<br />Both long and short run equations are estimated by (OLS)<br />(ordinary least squares) method and ECM (error correction model)<br />method in turn. Time series, considered in this article, are between<br />١٩٨٨ and ٢٠٠١. In this study, Time series are stationary, moreover<br />estimated models consist with classical hypothesis.<br />Regression of the model shows that long-run price elasticity is -<br />٠.٩٧ and long-run income elasticity is ١.٢٢, in short – run, they are -<br />٠.٢٢ and ٠.٥٤. Gas as a substitution for electricity has negative<br />coefficient in the model, therefore, the less the price of gas, the more<br />the electricity use and then, both gas & electricity will be used<br />simultaneously.<br />One of the reasons may be rising of temperature in buildings<br />because of using gas for cooking, boiling water or using lamps (which<br />produce heat), and thereafter, using air – conditioning and cooling<br />appliances to lower the temperature in hot months of year (about ٧<br />months). These are the most using electricity appliances.<br />Comparing income and price elasticities of residential electricity<br />demand in Khuzestan province, it can be concluded that electricity<br />demand is affected by price and income policies Income policies have<br />more influence than price policies.https://iee.rihu.ac.ir/article_319_d1eaf0a5a45ec55afa163891add78b8c.pdf