Evaluation of two self-based and integrated approaches in Islamic economic methodology (With emphasis on the views of Shahid Sadr and Anas Zarqa)

Introduction and objectives: In this research, the authors introduced and compared analytically two important models and approaches in the methodology of Islamic economics: 1- The first approach is a self-based and independent approach that seeks to extract economics from Islamic sources separately. 2- The second approach considers Islamic economics dependent on interaction with the findings of mainstream economics and favors a unified approach. Shahid Sadr (also known as al-Shahid al-Khamis was an Iraqi Islamic scholar and philosopher) favors the first approach and Anas Zarqa is an important representative of the second approach in Islamic economics. Shahid Sadr is one of the first researchers in the field of Islamic economics, whose views in the field of Islamic economics have been reflected in the valuable book "Iqtisaduna" (an objective study consisting of examination and criticism of the economic doctrines of Marxism, Capitalism and Islam. The book was written in order to state the foundations of the Islamic economy and its difference from other prominent economic doctrines.) His book has always influenced Muslim economists positively or negatively until today and has always been cited and referred to by scholars in this field. Anas Zarqa was trying to create a connection point from economics and economic trends to Islamic economics. He makes severe demands on bringing this branch of science closer to Islamization by adding different Islamic values ​​and teachings to the stream of economics and removing non-religious values ​​from it. In his opinion, an important part of conventional economics is the achievement of human science, which can be attained by combining it with religious knowledge to achieve a more complete and better approach. This is why he takes an interactive approach to different economic flows. (Zarqa, 2003: 8-11).
The importance of this comparative current is that these two scholars are representatives of two different current-making approaches in Islamic economics, and these two approaches, over several decades in Islamic economics, have been highly regarded by other theorists in this field. Therefore; a comparative study of the opinions of these two philosophers and two points of views, along with the criticism and review of these views, can contribute to the enrichment of the literature of Islamic economics. Similarly, this comparison can guide us to adopt the appropriate approach and methodology in the Islamic economy.
Research method: Among the many literatures that have been written in the field of Islamic economics, some of these writings have the feature of entering into methodological discussions. The importance of these topics lies in the fact that, in addition to being written in the field of Islamic economics and helping to expand the literature on the subject, they have set a path for Islamic economics and have raised topics that are discussed by other writers in this field, followed in a way that is considered as a mainstream and guiding approach in Islamic economics. This feature applies to both Shahid Sadr and Anas Zarqa. In this article, we have used direct sources that have been written in this field to analyze the issue. Our most important source about Shahid Sadr is his important book "Iqtisaduna". In addition to that, we have also benefited from some of his other writings, such as the treatise "Al-Maktab al-Islamiya ", "Al-Bank al-Rabawi" and "Islam and Economic Schools". In some cases, these treatises play the role of explanation about the economic book. For this reason, they help to clear some ambiguities in the book of Iqtisaduna. About Anas Zarqa, important and new articles have been authored by him, where his most important and latest ideas about the methodology of Islamic economics are reflected. Anas Zarqa's article titled "Islamic Economy, Concept and Method" is specifically written about the issue of methodology. Also, some of his articles such as "Duality of resources in Islamic economy" have investigated the most significant challenges and methodological issues. In addition, in some cases, we have benefited from the existing literature on Islamic economics to clarify more of the methodological issues of Islamic economics. For this purpose, in some cases, we have paid attention to the most important theories of Islamic economics written by other Islamic economists.
Discussion and conclusion: In the comparative comparison of the methodology of Shahid Sadr and Anas Zarqa, some methodological points should be considered:
1) Although Islamic economics and Fiqh can have common issues in many cases, the goals and issues of these two sciences are different, and therefore we should only consider the existence of a mutual relationship between these two scientific disciplines and not try to do so. that we want to consider these two scientific disciplines as one; Therefore, reducing Islamic economics as a branch of Fiqh is a mistake. (Salim, 2008: 293-289). .
2) One of the turning points and useful topics in the methodology of Shahid Sadr and Anas Zarqa is that we should agree with this approach that Islam has both value propositions and descriptive propositions and that the propositions presented in religion are merely They are not value propositions, but they are both value and descriptive.
Third) Regarding the issue of Islamic economics, we must say that if Islamic economics wants to be presented as a social science and we want to give it scientific dignity, it must be able to present general and universal propositions.
Fourth) regarding the relationship between the Islamic economy and the conventional economy, it should be said that adopting the approach of Shahid Sadr and Anas Zarqa each has advantages and disadvantages. The integrated method proposed by Anas Zarqa can be a more favorable methodology if it is considered with the self-based method in Islamic economics.
Results: In this article, the views of two important thinkers in Islamic economics, Shahid Sadr and Anas Zarqa, were comparatively described and evaluated. The differences and similarities between both economists were stated and the following results were obtained:

The methodology proposed by Shahid Sadr is inextricably linked with Islamic Sharia. The economic school that he proposes is directly derived from Islamic jurisprudence. Also, Anas Zarqa also pays attention to the fundamental role of religious values ​​in Islamicization of the economy; therefore, both scholars pay great attention to religious knowledge in their methodology.
Despite giving importance to religious knowledge, the type of perception of both of them is different about the way religious knowledge affects this branch of science. So Shahid Sadr and Anas Zarqa disagree with each other on issues such as the relationship between Fiqh and Islamic economics, as well as the relationship between Islamic economics and conventional economics, the realm of Islamic economics, and even the issue of Islamic economics.
Among the various methods that are proposed in the field of Islamic economics, we must pay attention to the scientific aspect of the field of Islamic economics on the one hand, and its Islamic nature at the same time. To make the economy Islamic, we should not propose a method that causes the scientific aspect of Islamic economics to be forgotten and vice versa. For this reason, it is more reasonable if the methodology of Shahid Sadr and Anas Zarqa being taken into consideration at the same time.
There is a fundamental difference between the two philosophers' views on Fiqh. Shahid Sadr's view of Fiqh is a maximalist view and we see a strong dependence of the Islamic economy on Fiqh, while Anas Zarqa believes in the interaction of Fiqh and Islamic economics and the extent of this relationship is limited.
One of the interesting topics in this field is the evolutionary process of this science. Shahid Sadr and Anas Zarqa are not more than a few decades apart, but the diversity of the views of them is a positive sign of the evolution and existence of diversity in Islamic economics and the ability of this science to accept diverse and different views.