Fiqhi (Islamic Jurisprudential) and Economic Analysis of Permissible Possessory Acts without Permission over Others’ Property

Document Type : Promotional scientific article

Authors

1 Researcher, Fiqhi (Islamic Jurisprudential) Research Center, Judicial System of the Islamic Republic Iran, Qom, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Faculty Member, Department of Economics, Research Institute of Hawzah and University (RIHU), Qom, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Faculty Member, Department of Law and Social Jurisprudence, Research Institute of Hawzah and University (RIHU), Qom, Iran

Abstract

Extended Abstract
 
Introduction and Objectives: Private ownership is a fundamental principle in classical and Islamic economic systems. Nevertheless, Imami jurisprudence, within the framework of Islamic economics, recognizes numerous cases of permissible possessory acts without the owner’s permission over others’ private property. These acts, which superficially contradict the principle of the prohibition of “unlawful consumption of property” (akl al-māl bi al-bāṭil), include instances such as the right of wayfarers (ḥaqq al-mārah—passersby consuming fruit from orchards along the path), the right of pre-emption (shuf’ah), possession of vast lands and canals, eating from the houses of relatives and friends, a father’s possession of the property of a needy child, and a spouse or friend’s consumption to the extent of customary sufficiency.
The main question of this research is to explain the jurisprudential foundations of these permissions and to analyze their economic consequences, focusing on distributive justice, economic efficiency, and the reduction of inequalities.
Methodology: This research employs a descriptive-analytical method with an inductive approach to explain and compile instances of permissible possessory acts without permission over others’ property from Imami jurisprudential texts. The jurisprudential foundations have been analyzed based on Qur’anic evidence, hadiths, consensus (ijmā’), and particularly “rational custom” (sīrah al-‘uqalā’iyyah) and “custom of the religious community” (sīrah al-mutasharri‘ah).
Subsequently, using the theoretical framework of Islamic economics and drawing on Western economic sources (such as transaction cost theory, the tragedy of the commons, and public goods theory), the economic consequences of each of these instances have been examined at both micro (family) and macro (society) levels. The aim is to extract the rules and criteria governing these possessory acts and to present a model for justice-oriented economic policymaking.
Findings: The examination of jurisprudential evidence shows that the permissibility of these acts is not as an exceptional or restrictive ruling, but rather results from their “specialized exclusion” (khurūj takhaṣṣuṣī) from the scope of evidence prohibiting usurpation (ghaṣb) and unlawful consumption of property. The origin of this permission is mainly “continuous rational custom” (sīrah mustamirrah ‘uqalā’iyyah), which has been approved and endorsed by the Sacred Law (shar‘), indicating an inherent deficiency in the absolute nature of private ownership concerning these specific benefits.
From an economic perspective, the analysis of various instances shows numerous positive consequences, summarized in Table 1.
 
 
 
 
 
Table 1. Economic Analysis of Instances of Permissible Possessory Acts over Others’ Property




Instance of Permissible Possessory Act


Macroeconomic Consequences


Microeconomic Consequences




Right of wayfarers (ḥaqq al-mārah) – possession by passerby


– Reduction of food waste
– Reduction of social costs of supporting the poor
– Strengthening local food security


– Meeting basic needs of needy passersby
– Increasing economic value of properties with high foot traffic




Right of pre-emption (shuf‘ah)


– Reduction of transaction costs
– Increasing productivity and efficiency of shared resources
– Reduction of ownership conflicts


– Preserving the partner's right and preventing loss caused by the entry of an unwanted partner




Possession of vast lands and canals


– More equitable distribution of natural resources
– Reduction of government monitoring costs
– Preventing monopoly and sustainable resource management


– Easier access for travelers and passersby to basic resources (water, rest)




Eating from the houses of relatives


– Strengthening informal social support networks
– Reduction of government welfare costs


– Strengthening emotional bonds and social solidarity
– Reduction of living costs for individuals




Father's possession of child's property


– Strengthening family-based social security system
– Reducing government financial burden for supporting needy elderly


– Ensuring distributive justice within the family and supporting vulnerable parents




Spouse/friend's consumption to the extent of sufficiency (qūt)


– Indirect distribution of wealth within social networks
– Cultural rapprochement and reduction of class gaps


– Creating economic security for women within the family
– Strengthening the supportive role of friends




 
Discussion and Conclusion: The findings of this research confirm that the Islamic economic system, while recognizing private ownership, does not consider it absolute and unlimited; rather, by legislating permissible possessory acts, it restrains it in the path of achieving distributive justice and social benefits. These inherent limitations are not a violation of ownership but rather complement and balance it within the framework of moral and social values. On one hand, these acts reduce government costs by creating informal support networks; on the other hand, they contribute significantly to reducing class gaps and poverty through more equitable distribution of resources and opportunities.
The model derived from this research can serve as a basis for economic policymaking in Islamic and even non-Islamic societies—policies whose ultimate goal is to combine economic efficiency with social justice and create a society based on ethics and cooperation.
JEL Classification: D63, K11, P14, Z12.

Keywords

References

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